Cpld

This one really is a tough one to debug. At first, we suspected the VHDL code for the CPLD as the main error source, as VHDL is not our strongest suit. In fact, the decoder/banking logic is the first thing we ever really did in VHDL (apart from a few simple decoder equations the first days we were playing with GALs).

As it turned out, the VHDL was not the main problem. It sure was quite buggy and the RDY-generator had problems, but overall it was not too far off. Marko even managed to run a memory check over the entire 512k RAM, proving that even the banking logic works. Furthermore, he was able to clock the new board at 16MHz, which is another breakthrough, as a bonus.

In preparation for the build of our new CPU-Board, we purchased two WDC 65c02 in PLCC44 package from some eBay vendor. On arrival, the first interesting thing is the way they were packaged. No anti esd packaging, only a plastic bag, which we found sketchy enough to post on Twitter.

Next, WDC reacted to that tweet, stating that these might be not genuine or be at least very old.

{{/< tweet user=“steckschwein” id=“1532446031127904256” >/}}

The biggest limitation of any 8 bit CPU such as our beloved 65C02 is the amount of memory that the CPU can address. With 16 address lines, the addressable memory is maxed out at 64k. All ROM and RAM has to be crammed into there. With the 6502 being a memory mapped architecture, IO devices need their addresses there, too.

In order to expand the amount of usable memory, some trickery is necessary. For example, the developers of the C64 came up with a rather clever hack to cram 20k of ROM and full 64k of RAM and IO area into 64k address space by introducing a register that enables the programmer to switch off the ROM, giving access to the underlying RAM. When the ROM is enabled, writes to the addresses go into the RAM below. We decided to mimic this behaviour in our current implementation of the Steckschwein glue logic.